Japan Bets Big on Hydrogen Power

I read a report today that Japan will invest $385,000,000 on building a network of Hydrogen fueling stations across the nation. That should provide for enough fueling stations to pretty much cover all of Japan, plus all the support infrastructure required.  I would call that a major league commitment to hydrogen as a clean, inexhaustible transportation fuel. It's no surprise that Japan has choosen to lead the world on hydrogen. Toyota and Honda have major commitments to hydrogen fuel cell cars. 

Europe has also committed millions of Euros to the construction of hydrogen fueling stations across the continent.

Where does that leave us in North America? The short answer is behind...a long way behind. In the US and Canada, energy policy is still controlled by the fossil energy industry. They own the Congress on this issue. The same is true in Canada, where the conservative government is focused on smoothing the path for the Keystone XL pipeline, that will carry dirty Canadian tar sands oil down through the US to ports in the American south. From there,  mega-tankers loaded with crude depart across the seas.to the rest of the world. 

It's true, the price of gasoline has dropped substantially in recent months due to a glut of oil in the world market.  Cheap gas is certainly easy on the wallet, but current low prices are just a temporary reprieve. Beyond the economics, we humans have an obligation to future generations to disconnect ourselves from dirty fuels. That is the only answer to the overriding global problem of pollution driven atmospheric warming. 

Hydrogen as a fuel option is not a panacea, but  it is a very important part of a cost effective,  clean energy mosaic that can and ultimately will make coal, oil, and natural gas old news.   Bravo to Japan for leading the way on hydrogen infrastructure development.

Michio Kaku on Hydrogen Power

At the 2015 Consumer Electronics Shown in Las Vegas, Michio Kaku, Physicist, author, and well TV science  personality, introduced Toyota's newest fuel cell powered car. The fuel it uses is hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe. Hydrogen is inexhaustible in supply, non-toxic, and pollution free. When used to power a car, the only exhaust byproduct is water.

I started making videos about renewable energy and hydrogen in the early nineties.  For the last decade,  all of the clean energy thunder has been sucked by a range of battery technologies. There is definitely an important place in our energy future for batteries, but they are not a panacea. 

In 2015, Toyota, Honda, and Hyundai will have production fuel cell cars available in showrooms in California.  The big limiting factor on these vehicles is the lack of a fueling infrastructure.  In the US, only Southern California currently has hydrogen available at public fueling stations.  Let's hope the political will with our elected officials is there to rapidly expand the hydrogen fueling infrastructure across the nation. 

I wrote a book called The Hydrogen Age was published in 2007. It is gratifying to see the kind of future I wrote about in that book coming to pass.

Here is Michio Kaku introducing Toyota's first production fuel cell car. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puvy6QxlPso

Toyota's Hydrogen Inspiration

Just learned about this video from Michael Stitzki, an engineer from New Jersey, who has been on the leading edge of hydrogen energy technology for more than a decade.  I share Michael's belief that hydrogen is poised to become a major component of the clean, renewable energy era that is emerging. 

Here is the link to Toyota's very creative expression of confidence in hydrogen as an important, clean energy commodity. https://vimeo.com/106472439

Sugar-Powered Batteries

Here's a very interesting new twist on battery technology. It takes a page from the biosphere's living playbook.

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Sugar-powered biobattery has 10 times the energy storage of lithium: Your smartphone might soon run on enzymes

• By Sebastian Anthony on January 21, 2014   

As you probably know, from sucking down cans of Coke and masticating on candy, sugar — glucose, fructose, sucrose, dextrose — is an excellent source of energy. Biologically speaking, sugar molecules are energy-dense, easy to transport, and cheap to digest. There is a reason why almost every living cell on Earth generates its energy (ATP) from glucose. Now, researchers at Virginia Tech have successfully created a sugar-powered fuel cell that has an energy storage density of 596 amp-hours per kilo — or “one order of magnitude” higher than lithium-ion batteries. This fuel cell is refillable with a solution of maltodextrin, and its only by products are electricity and water. The chief researcher, Y.H. Percival Zhang, says the tech could be commercialized in as soon as three years.

Now, it’s not exactly news that sugar is an excellent energy source. As a culture we’ve probably known about it since before we were Homo sapiens. The problem is, unless you’re a living organism or some kind of incendiary device, extracting that energy is difficult. In nature, an enzymatic pathway is used — a production line of tailor-made enzymes that meddle with the glucose molecules until they become ATP. Because it’s easy enough to produce enzymes in large quantities, researchers have tried to create fuel cells that use artificial “metabolism” to break down glucose into electricity (biobatteries), but it has historically proven very hard to find the right pathway for maximum efficiency and to keep the enzymes in the right place over a long period of time.





 A diagram of the enzymatic fuel cell. The little Pac-Man things are enzymes

Now, however, Zhang and friends at Virginia Tech appear to have built a high-density fuel cell that uses an enzymatic pathway to create a lot of electricity from glucose. There doesn’t seem to be much information on how stable this biobattery is over multiple refills, but if Zhang thinks it could be commercialized in three years, that’s a very good sign. Curiously, the research paper says that the enzymes are non-immobilized — meaning Zhang found a certain battery chemistry that doesn’t require the enzymes to be kept in place… or, alternatively, that it will only work for a very short time.

Energy densities of various battery types. “15% Maltodextrin”, in dark blue, is the battery being discussed

here.

The Virginia Tech biobattery uses 13 enzymes, plus air (it’s an air-breathing biobattery), to produce nearly 24 electrons from a single glucose unit. This equates to a power output of 0.8 mW/cm, current density of 6 mA/cm, and energy storage density of 596 Ah/kg. This last figure is impressive, at roughly 10 times the energy density of the lithium-ion batteries in your mobile devices. [Research paper: doi:10.1038/ncomms4026 - "A high-energy-density sugar biobattery based on a synthetic enzymatic pathway"]

If Zhang’s biobatteries pan out, you might soon be recharging your smartphone by pouring in a solution of 15% maltodextrin. That battery would not only be very safe (it produces water and electricity), but very cheap to run and very green. This seems to fit in perfectly with Zhang’s homepage, which talks about how his main goals in life are replacing crude oil with sugar, and feeding the world.

The other area in which biobatteries might be useful is powering implanted devices, such as pacemakers — or, in the future, subcutaneous sensors and computers. Such a biobattery could feed on the glucose in your bloodstream, providing an endless supply of safe electricity for the myriad implants that futuristic technocrats will surely have.

 

 

 

 

Hydrogen Cars Arrive in 2014

Hyundai and Toyota have both announced that they will be introducing hydrogen fuel cell cars into the marketplace in the latter part of 2014.  In the U.S., it will begin in California, where the various car manufacturers have been testing fuel cell prototypes for years.  In the U.S., California has been a leader in clean, automotive technology. A number of hydrogen fueling stations are already in place and more are coming.   Europe has put much more effort into building infrastructure for hydrogen vehicles. Most likely, these clean running machines will gain a foothold in the European Union first, simply because European energy policy aggressively encourages  the adoption of hydrogen and other clean energy technologies.

Toyota Fuel Cell Car

The fossil fuel industry has long used its wealth and political influence to undermine the credibility of hydrogen as a clean energy alternative.  Despite the naysayers, hydrogen continues to emerge, because it works. It is nature's elegantly simple answer: clean, non-toxic, cost effective, and safe when properly managed.  I suspect by 2020, the transition into the hydrogen age will be well underway.

Here is a very engaging video from Toyota showcasing their new fuel cell car... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7xCbmkWKkw


Here is a link to the website for the California Fuel Cell Partnership... http://cafcp.org/

Hyundai's Hydrogen Fuel Cell Farm

Hyundai Motor Company is on the leading edge of fuel cell technology for automobiles.  They are the first to put FC cars into production on an assembly line.

Hyundai Fuel Cell SUV

This week, Hyundai is opening an exhibit in London, U.K. called the Hyundai Fuel Cell Farm.

The Europeans will be the first to put hydrogen powered vehicles on the road in large numbers, and Hyundai is one of the companies that is leading the way.

Here is a link to Hyundai's  Fuel Cell Farm website... http://www.hyundai.co.uk/about-us/environment/hydrogen-fuel-cell?goback=%2Egde_137901_member_5797067451594190851#fuel_cell_farm





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Vestenskov - World's First Hydrogen Community

There is a village on the island of Lolland in Denmark called Vestenskov. It is poised to become the world's  first hydrogen powered and heated community.

Vestenskov

I have invested a lot of my own time and sweat equity into encouraging a pollution-free energy future that employs hydrogen as a clean, non-toxic storage medium for the wind, sun, and other renewable sources.  In Denmark there is a small community that will soon be a model for how that can work.  It's an example of how the European Union is moving aggressively toward clean renewables as a response to climate change.

There are many renewable hydrogen demonstration projects around the world. Vestenskov is the first that shows hydrogen at work on a community level.

In Vestenskov,  electricity from wind turbines located close by will be converted to storable hydrogen for use on demand in the community's residences and businesses.    Europe intends to replace coal and oil with clean energy systems that will not harm the environment.    We should be doing the same thing here in North America.   That makes a lot more sense than extracting dirty oil from Canadian tar sands.

Here is a link to a website that reports on the renewable hydrogen vision for Vestenskov. .    http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/energy/vestenskov-the-worlds-first-hydrogen-community/?bbredirect=true#!

First Assembly Line Fuel Cell Vehicles

This is some exciting news.  I produced my first documentary on hydrogen energy in 1995. It was titled, Element One.  Over the years, in association with my friend and colleague Bill Hoagland, I wrote and produced seven documentaries and educational videos on clean, renewable energy and hydrogen.   

The European Union is moving aggressively to be ready for the commercialization of hydrogen powered fuel cell vehicles in 2015.   European nations like Denmark, Sweden, and Germany are spending billions of Euros putting the needed fueling infrastructure in place to support the public and private ownership of hydrogen powered vehicles.  

Hyundai is the first company to announce the assembly line production of a fuel cell vehicle.  One of the chief impediments to the adoption of these vehicles has been the inability to carry enough hydrogen on board to meet the minimum range standard, which is considered to be 330 miles.  Apparently, Hyundai has solved this problem, as they claim to get 370 miles range between fill-ups in their ix35 fuel cell SUV.   The government of Denmark is the first customer to receive the ix35,  which is expected to be available in auto showrooms to the public in 2015.

Twenty years ago, I committed to hydrogen as an energy carrier because it is clean. non-toxic, and virtually inexhaustible in supply, when made by splitting water molecules using a whole range of renewable energy options.  I was the lead author of a book about it titled, The Hydrogen Age.  The road to the broad adoption of hydrogen has been rocky,  but it does appear that the hydrogen age is finally emerging. 

For me personally, it's very gratifying.  I can't wait for the day when I have a hydrogen powered car in my garage.

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Hyundai Reveals the ix35 Fuel Cell. 1,000 units to be sold by 2015. 

There is to be 1,000 units of hydrogen-powered models to be produced by 2015. Deliveries to municipal and private fleets underway.

(PRWEB) March 06, 2013

 

Production of the Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell began at the company’s Ulsan manufacturing plant in Korea in January 2013, making Hyundai the first automaker to begin commercial production of a hydrogen-powered vehicle. The first complete car rolled off the assembly line on 26 February 2013.
Hyundai plans to manufacture 1.000 units of the hydrogen-powered ix35 Fuel Cell vehicles by 2015, targeted predominantly at public sector and private fleets, with limited mass production of 10.000 units beyond 2015. 

Hyundai  ix35 SUV

Hyundai has already signed contracts to lease the ix35 Fuel Cell to municipal fleets in Copenhagen, Denmark and Skåne, Sweden. Additionally, since October 2011, the EU Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) in Brussels has been providing Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell vehicles to EU policy makers and the public in order to demonstrate the market readiness of fuel cell technology.
Award-winning credentials

At the 2013 European Motor Show in Brussels, Belgium, the Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell was awarded the prestigious FuturAuto accolade, selected as winner for becoming the first mass-produced, hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicle to be commercially available.

Hyundai ix35  SUV

The award, in its 12th year, celebrates technological innovation in the automotive industry and is judged by a respected panel of journalists from the Belgian Automotive Press Union (UJBA).
From a long list of 16 candidates, the judges selected a five-strong shortlist which included innovations from Hyundai, Bosch, Mazda, Mercedes Benz and Volvo.

Third-generation FCEV from Hyundai

The Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell is the third-generation fuel cell-powered electric vehicle (FCEV) from Hyundai. Since Hyundai introduced the Santa Fe FCEV in 2000, the company has become a world leader in the development of hydrogen fuel cell technology, and operates the largest fuel-cell research centre in Korea.

In 2005, the second-generation Hyundai fuel cell electric vehicle – the Tucson FCEV – was introduced, powered by the company’s first 80 kW fuel cell.

The third generation of Hyundai’s FCEV family, the ix35 Fuel Cell represents a truly viable everyday vehicle, retaining the safety, equipment, convenience and performance of the conventionally powered ix35 and producing zero harmful tailpipe emissions.

The Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell delivers large improvements over its predecessor, including a driving range that has been extended by more than 50% and fuel efficiency gains of more than 15%.
The ix35 Fuel Cell is equipped with a 100 kW electric motor, allowing it to reach a maximum speed of 160 km/h. Two hydrogen storage tanks, with a total capacity of 5.64 kg, enable the vehicle to travel a total of 594 km on a single charge, and it can reliably start in temperatures as low as minus 20 degrees Celsius. The energy is stored in a 24 kW lithium-ion polymer battery, jointly developed with LG Chemical.

Fuel cells operate by turning chemical energy from hydrogen into electromechanical energy. Internal to a fuel cell, an anode and cathode sandwich a polymer electrolyte membrane. The process of creating an electrical current occurs in three stages:

• Hydrogen gas flows over the anode, causing it to split into hydrogen ions (protons) and electrons.
• The polymer electrolyte membrane only allows the protons to pass through. The electrons travel to an external circuit which operates the motor.
• At the cathode, electrons and protons react with oxygen (from air) creating H2O – water – which flows out of the cell as the only waste product.

Hyundai’s ix35 Fuel Cell represents one of the most advanced vehicles of this type, and with continued development and improvements in production costs, it is expected that limited mass production will enable sales to much greater numbers of customers around the world to start beyond 2015.

Hyundai’s hydrogen initiatives

Hyundai has been involved in a wide range of initiatives and partnerships to help promote hydrogen fuel cells as a future solution to Europe’s transport requirements. With governments, non-profit organisations and private ventures all looking to the alternative modes of transport, Hyundai is supporting the momentum surrounding FCEVs across the region.

In May 2011, Hyundai signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the City of Copenhagen, fuel cell producer H2 Logic and Hydrogen Link – the latter an association working to advance the use of electricity for transportation in Denmark based on hydrogen and fuel cells.

The aim of the agreement is to establish an infrastructure for the support of FCEVs in Copenhagen, a city which aims to be carbon neutral by 2025. Under the MOU, Hyundai provided two ix35 Fuel Cell vehicles for a test drive attended by mayors of the capital cities of Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Iceland in 2011.

In October 2011, Hyundai invited Europe’s top media to test its ix35 Fuel Cell in Copenhagen, and, in doing so, took another significant step towards its goal of bringing FCEVs to the mainstream car market by 2015.

The Copenhagen test drive followed the news that the ix35 Fuel Cell had been selected by the European Commission-backed ‘Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking’ (FCH JU) to be used as a demonstration vehicle to test and promote hydrogen fuel cell technology in a real-world environment. As part of the initiative, the ix35 Fuel Cell was made available for Members of the European Parliament, Commissioners, EU officials and other policy makers to test drive. This gained great visibility for the ix35 Fuel Cell and hydrogen vehicle technology among policy makers.
In January 2012, Hyundai signed a memorandum of understanding along with twelve other industry participants to launch a scheme called UKH2Mobility. This draws on the experience of other hydrogen initiatives from across Europe to investigate the potential for hydrogen as a fuel for ultra-low carbon vehicles. Calling on £400 million (approximately €475 million) of funding from the UK government, the results of the scheme will lead to further steps to introduce hydrogen as a more mainstream fuel in the UK.

A February 2013 study published by UKH2Mobility forecast that, with suitable infrastructure investment, more than 1.5 million hydrogen-powered vehicles could be on the roads by 2030 in the UK alone.

The company’s vision and strategy has earned it recognition as one of the ‘Top Global Green Brands of 2012’ in Interbrand’s 50 Global Green Brands report. Placed 17th overall, Hyundai was one of the highest-ranked automakers. Interbrand made particular mention of Hyundai’s industry leadership in zero-emissions technology through advances in hydrogen fuel-cell development.

Through technological development, as well as the various schemes and initiatives that Hyundai is involved in, the company is demonstrating its commitment to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles as an environmentally friendly solution for fulfilling future mobility needs.

Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell - Technical Specifications
Powertrain and transmission
Front-mounted induction motor with two mid-mounted hydrogen fuel cell storage tanks
Battery: 24 kW lithium polymer    
Fuel cell: 100 kW fuel cell with two hydrogen storage tanks
Power / torque: 100 kW (136 hp) / 300 Nm available from zero rpm
Transmission: Gear differential unit
Emissions    H2O (water) only
Suspension and damping
Front: Fully independent – subframe-mounted MacPherson struts, with coil springs and gas-filled shock absorbers, anti-roll stabiliser bar
Rear: Fully independent – subframe-mounted multi-links, coil springs and gas-filled ASD shock absorbers
Steering
Type: Electric power-assisted rack and pinion
Overall ratio: 15.9:1
Gearing: 2.96 turns lock-to-lock
Turning circle: 10.58 metres
Brakes
Power: Servo-assisted, electronically-controlled
Front: Ventilated discs; 300 mm
Rear: Solid discs; 262 mm
Parking brake: Hand-operated lever
ABS: 4-channel anti-lock system with EBD
BAS: Boosts braking power during emergency stops
DBC: Downhill Brake Control maintains 8 km/h speed during descents
100-to-0 km/h: 41.7 metres
Wheels and tyres
Wheels: Alloy 16 in x 6.5
Tyres: 215/70 R16
Spare: Tyre mobility kit
Dimensions (mm)
Exterior
Overall length: 4410
Overall width: 1820 (excluding door mirrors)
Overall height: 1670    
Wheelbase: 2640
Front track: 585
Rear track: 1586
Front overhang: 880
Rear overhang: 890
Ground clearance: 170
Approach angle: 24.2 degrees
Departure angle: 26.9 degrees
Ramp over angle: 17.0 degrees
Roll over angle: 45.0 degrees
Max. climb angle: 44.19 degrees
Interior
Headroom (Front): 1000 (Rear): 994
Legroom (Front): 1047 (Rear): 982
Shoulder room (Front): 1450 (Rear): 1400
Hip room (Front): 1410 (Rear) 1356
Weight (kg)
Kerb weight: 1830
Gross weight: 1980
Payload: 375
Capacities
Hydrogen storage tank: 5.64 kg / 700 bar (70 MPa)
Luggage: 465 –1436 litres
Performance
Top speed (km/h): 160
0-to-100 km/h (sec): 12.5
Economy
Driving range: 594 km
kg / 100 km (hydrogen): 0.95



 

United Nations Embraces Sustainable Energy

A sigificant committment was made by the United Nations in December, 2012 when member nations unanimously adopted a declaration that 2014-2024 would be the 'Decade for Sustainable Energy' for all the world's people.

This declaration fits well with the 'Third Industrial Revolution' concepts that have been embraced by the European Union, and most recently by the new leader of China.  Unfortunately, energy policy in the U.S. has been captured by big coal and oil interests, who are encouraging climate change denial and resisting all initiatives that support emerging clean energy technologies.

It does seem, with polls showing overwhelming public support for climate change action, that things may change for the better soon in the U.S.  President Obama has indicated that action on climate change will be a big part of his second term agenda. I hope so.

Here is a link to a piece about the United Nations declaration... http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/01/u-n-aims-at-sustainable-energy-for-all-by-2024/

Michael Stritzki's Hydrogen House

About ten years ago, I got acquainted with a guy named Michael Stritzki, who lives in Hunterdon, New Jersey in a house that is heated and gets all its power from hydrogen. When I first met  Mike, the work on the house was just underway. In 2006, it was completed.   Mike calls it the Hopewell Project.  

Mike Stritzki is an engineer and a champion of solar-hydrogen energy.  With the support of government grants and about $100,000 of his own money,  he designed and built a sytem that generates electricity from solar panels,  converts that electricity to hydrogen, then stores the hydrogen for use on demand to heat and air condition his home as well as provide all its electricity needs.

Mike Stritzki

Mike has also converted two cars to run on hydrogen that he produces with his home energy system.

 

 

What Mike Stritzki has done is a reflection of the way most people may be living by mid-century.  An enormous amount of work is being done to refine the technologies integrated into Mike Stritzki's house. It cost about $500,000 to get the Hopewell Project up and running.  As the technologies evolve and begin to be mass produced, the cost will drop to a fraction of current levels.  In fact, it's likely that home solar-hydrogen energy systems will actually feed surplus electricity produced into the power grid, creating a revenue stream for the home owner.

 

A future with people living in homes that produce enough clean energy to meet all their own needs and then some also means a future with rapidly declining levels of  greenhouse climate change pollution going into our Earth's atmosphere.  Bottom line: A transition to clean energy homes like the colonial Mike Stritzki lives in with his wife and three kids in Hunterdon, New Jersey  is something everyone can get excited about..

 

Here is a link to a video of Mike Stritzki showing off his Hopewell Project.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEdQRVQtffw&list=PLEEE34EB44C006949&index=1&feature=plpp_video

 

 

 

 







Wind or Sun to Water

A company of young innovators in France was created a splendid new technology. Eole Water, based in Sainte Tulle, France,  has developed a simple, robust, beauitfully rendered technology for sucking evaporated water out of the air, using an especially designed wind turbine.

The principle innovator behind Eole Water is Marc Parent. His vision was to create a stand alone system that could be set up in the world's most remote locations to produce both electricity and water.

The system works using evaporative condensation to collect up to 1,000 liters of water per day, while also generating up to 30 Kw of electricity.

The first commecial iteration of this technology is called the WMS 1000.  It is designed for set up in remote locations, without the use of a crane.   The WMS 1000 is mounted in a way that allows easy lowering of the mast for maintenance.

 

 

More than a billion people around the world do not have access to clean drinking water.  An even greater number do not have access to electricity.   There is an enormous need for Eole Water's technology.  The WMS 1000 is in final testing phaise. The next step is commercialization and distribution around the world. 

Eole Water is now adapting their technology for use with a 30 Kw solar PV array for places where sunlight is more abundant than wind.
 
Here is a link to a very engaging video that presents the Eole Water technology...

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhe4jDWfFAY&feature=youtu.be


Bravo to Marc Parent and his colleagues at Eole Water. They have done a great thing for the world.

Here is a link to Eole Water's website...

http://www.eolewater.com/

The Hydrogen Age

In 2007, I was the lead author on a non-fiction book titled, The Hydrogen Age.  At that point, I had invested about fifteen years of my life in efforts to expand public awareness of hydrogen as a critical part of any transition to clean, renewably produced energy.

The book was a critical success, especially with people in the clean energy business.  

 Technically, hydrogen is not a source of renewable energy, but instead is an energy carrier.  By taking electricity generated from wind turbines, solar panels, tidal and wave action, river currents, and geothermal steam and running it through an electrolyser, you can split water molecules into their constituent elements, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen can then by stored for use on demand. It can be used to power internal combustion engines likes those in most cars or turbines like those in jet aircraft.  It can also be used in a device called a fuel cell to produce useful electrical energy.

The transition to a 'Hydrogen Economy' is moving ahead, particularly on the other side of the Atlantic, where the European Union and Germany in particular, are directing billions of Euros in a transition away from fossil fuel dependence to a sustainable economy, whose foundation is clean, renewably produced energy with hydrogen as its principle storage medium.[more on the European transition in my earlier blog entry - The Third Industrial Revolution]

In the US,  the move to clean, renewably produced energy is proceeding, but at a much slower pace. This is almost entirely because energy policy in the US is controlled by 'big oil' and other entrenched energy lobbies.  

By the year 2015, many of the world's leading automakers are expected to offer their first hydrogen fueled vehicles for sale in their retail showrooms. Things appear on very much on track for that to happen in Europe and Japan, and perhaps China, where efforts are underway to put the fueling infrastructure in place to support hydrogen powered vehicles.  Unfortunately, public policy in the US is badly corrupted. It favors old school energy interests over the common good. I very much hiope that will change.